Introduction to teaching methodology pdf

We should note the interactivity of the communicative method of learning. Foreign Language Teaching Methodology. Methodology Applied To Languages Teaching.

For example, a subject matter expert SME in an e-learning project still provides the required knowledge for the course, but does not directly teach the learners.

Notes on Contributors. Introduction: Communicative Methodology. Christopher Brumfit. But what actually happens when teachers committed to communicative teaching try to use the This is the key question for teacher training, and ultimately for the theory of language teaching itself. Key Questions What are the methods and approaches that language teachers have used over the years to teach foreign or second languages?

What are the current methodological trends and In this method the teaching is done entirely in the target language. The learner is not allowed to use his or her mother tongue. Communicative language teaching CLT. Teaching foreign languages has always been distinguished by a variety of methodological approaches. There are many methods of teaching languages. He held that language acquisition must be allied foreign or second language.

Language education is a branch of applied linguistics. Teaching must be oral. The schoolroom should have models of things, and fail- ing that, pictures of them. The study of Latin diminished from the study of a living language to be used in the real world to a sub- Increasing globalization has created a large need for peo- ject in the school curriculum. It was then claimed that languages.

The uses of common languages are in areas its study developed intellectual abilities, and the study of such as trade, tourism, international relations, technol- Latin grammar became an end in and of itself.

Advanced students continued grammar study with cies to teach at least one foreign language at the primary the addition of rhetoric. According to GAO , China has recently been putting enormous importance on foreign language The study of modern languages did not become part of learning, especially the English language.

Based on the purely academic study of Latin, stu- dents of modern languages did much of the same ex- 1. Oral work was minimal, and students ucation were instead required to memorize grammatical rules and apply these to decode written texts in the target lan- 1.

This tradition-inspired method became known as the grammar-translation method. Latin had for many centuries been the dominant language of education, commerce, religion, Innovation in foreign language teaching began in the 19th and government in much of the Western world, but it century and became very rapid in the 20th century. John Amos Comenius was one of ods, each trying to be a major improvement over the pre- many people who tried to reverse this trend.

He com- vious or contemporary methods. Army in World War II. One reason for this situation is that proponents of new methods have been so sure that their ideas are so new and so correct that they could not conceive that the older ones have enough validity to cause controversy.

These methods follow from the basic empiricist position that They worked on setting language teaching principles and language acquisition basically results from habits formed approaches based on linguistic and psychological theo- by conditioning and drilling.

Very few students in U. With native English speakers can read and assess information these methods, students generate original and meaningful written in languages other than English. Even a number sentences to gain a functional knowledge of the rules of of famous linguists are monolingual.

Given that hu- discrepancy between these cases and the failure of most man languages share many common traits, the idea is that language programs, which helps make the research of humans share a universal grammar which is built into our second language acquisition emotionally charged. Older brain structure.

The rivalry of the two camps is in- and promoted as the only and complete solution to the tense, with little communication or cooperation between problem of the high failure rates of foreign language stu- them.

Main article: Methods of teaching foreign languages 1. Examples of structural methods are grammar trans- Language education may take place as a general school lation and the audio-lingual method.

Such are derived from the controlling method, and less directly, from the approach. There are many methods of teaching languages. The course itself acts as a teacher and has to choose a methodology, just as classroom teachers do.

An approach is a set of assumptions about the nature of 1. Such have pauses for the learner to speak. Others are continu- can be related to second language acquisition theory. The structural view treats language as a system of used in classroom teaching, and have been produced on structurally related elements to code meaning e. Most audio recordings teach words in the target language 2.

The simplest books This approach has been fairly dominant since the are phrasebooks to give useful short phrases for travelers, s. More complete books include more vocabulary, A method is a plan for presenting the language material grammar, exercises, translation, and writing practice.

In order for an approach to be translated into a entering the market in recent years. Some software records the learner, analyzes the pro- 2. Speech synthesis or text to speech TTS sites and concepts are mastered. Software can pronounce words in the target lan- speaker. The only language in 4. Course development and learning management sys- such software is the target language. Websites provide various services geared toward lan- 5. Web conferencing tools can bring remote learners guage education.

Elluminate Live. Players of computer games can practice a target lan- 1. Some software runs on the web itself, with the ad- guage when interacting in massively multiplayer on- vantage of avoiding downloads, and the disadvan- line games and virtual worlds. In , the virtual tage of requiring an internet connection.

Some publishers use the web to distribute audio, ing developed. Some Internet content is free, often from government 4. Some is ad- speaker who wants to learn English with a native En- supported, such as newspapers and YouTube. Some re- glish speaker who wants to learn Spanish. Language quires a payment. Users typically contact each other via chat, VoIP, or 1. Language exchanges have also been viewed as a helpful tool to aid language learning at language Language learning strategies have attracted increasing fo- schools.

Listening to understand is one level of listening but focused listening[16] is not some- 1. All countries have websites in their own languages, thing that most learners employ as a strategy. In a study conducted by the Center for Applied Lin- 1. With the help of ing text to learn grammar and discourse styles can also be the internet, students are readily exposed to foreign employed. There are: listening, speaking, reading and writing. In addition, more general learning skills such as e.

However, since then, it has been recognized that we generally use more than one skill at a 1. This is due to the fact that it is considered harder to teach and test. There are numerous texts on Code switching, that is, changing between languages at teaching and testing writing but relatively few on speak- some point in a sentence or utterance, is a commonly ing.

While traditional methods of formal in- working with other students in pairs and groups, some- struction often discourage code switching, students, es- times the entire class. Pair and group work give oppor- pecially those placed in a language immersion situation, tunities for more students to participate more actively.

If viewed as a learning strategy, wherein However, supervision of pairs and groups is important the student uses the target language as much as possi- to make sure everyone participates as equally as possible. The mother tongue equivalent can be given almost as an aside, with a slight 1. When modeling a dialogue sentence for students to re- 1. It has been a major let me try.

For example, playing a card game that requires calling for cards may allow blended learning of numbers Main article: Mother tongue mirroring 1 to Such a holiday often combines for- word translation for pedagogical purposes. The aim is mal lessons, cultural excursions, leisure activities, and a to make foreign constructions salient and transparent to homestay, perhaps with time to travel in the country af- learners and, in many cases, spare them the technical jar- terwards.

Language study holidays are popular across Eu- gon of grammatical analysis. As a didactic countries. These holidays have become increasingly more device, it can only be used to the extent that it remains popular in Central and South America in such countries intelligible to the learner, unless it is combined with a as Guatemala, Ecuador and Peru. As a consequence of normal idiomatic translation. This technique is seldom this increasing popularity, several international language referred to or used these days.

This is also evident in businesses outsourcing their departments to Eastern Europe. Main article: Back-chaining Back-chaining is a technique used in teaching oral lan- 1. Then the teacher will repeat it with -sorg- inclusion in global information society. Rote repetition, drilling, memorisa- 1. Rodgers Ap- proaches and Methods in Language Teaching. ISBN Rowley, Massachusetts: Newbury House. Retrieved 17 July Retrieved 5 August ForeignLanguageExper- This article is about travel-teaching.

Retrieved 3 May Language Guide. Retrieved 17 July Framework of Reference for Languages. Sho; Doty, Christopher 14 March Center for Applied Linguistics. June Retrieved 15 July Le Monde. Retrieved 15 July language education in late modern China: A Critical Strategic Language [17] Andrew Weiler: strategy of reading Learning.

World En- glishes. English language teaching. Retrieved April 4, , from World Englishes Vol. Retrieved April 1. Life in language im- mersion classrooms. Retrieved gual Matters, Ltd. Review of Educational Research, 55 4 , — Routes into Languages. Retrieved 26 June Cambridge, Mass. Archived from the original ers. Theoretical and con- Second Language Learning July Re- cation pp.

Clevedon, England: Multilin- trieved 26 June Lessons from U. Swain Eds. Immersion ed- ucation: A category within bilingual education. NY: Cambridge University Press.

Despite a number of criticisms, it con- [2] English. TEFL teachers may be gained ground in recent years. Proponents believe CLT native or non-native speakers of English. Dogme[3] is a similar communicative approach that encourages teaching without published textbooks, in- stead focusing on conversational communication among the learners and the teacher. One method for using these books is the multiple-pass technique.

The The former provides pre-designed structures and tools, instructor reads the book, pausing often to explain cer- while the latter supports course-building by the language tain words and concepts. On the second pass, the instruc- school—teachers can blend existing courses with games, tor reads the book completely through without stopping. This supports classroom, self- ries, essays, plays etc. Major pro- 2. Students can enroll into online requirement. It should be noted that there is no single over- the largest jobs markets exist in China, Korea, Taiwan arching accreditation body for TEFL.

Students take one or multiple tests per study module. Support is handled by tutors, who In Asia there has also been a tendency to hire TEFL teach- can be reached via email.

Partly this is driven by com- mercial expectations in the private sector, where parents feel that paying extra fees for TEFL teacher should war- rant an American or British TEFL teacher, the schools 2. A university degree in English language and lit- vice versa. And they might hire only teachers in a cer- erature can also be of value, as indeed can any special- tain age range; usually between 20 and 40 years of age.

For trainers wishing to 2. Where there is a high demand for teachers and tion, training, experience, seniority, and expertise.

The result is that most teachers are entitled schools often do not accept brief TEFL courses as a sub- to less unemployment or sick pay than they would be en- stitute for a university degree in English education.

Similar situations increase less you go through the process of getting your foreign in countries with labor laws that may not apply to foreign teaching degree accepted in Spain and then pass the civil employees, or which may be unenforced. They also tend to ments. Some disputes arise from cross-cultural private schools have recruited Anglophone teachers there misunderstandings.

Teachers who can't adapt to living for several years. Major European cities have established language schools China on-site or operated as agencies sending teachers to var- ious locations. China, including preschool, university, private schools Employers prefer graduates with experience in teaching and institutes, companies, and tutoring. NGOs, such Business English or in teaching young learners.

The Instructors from the United Kingdom and Ireland, coun- provinces and the Ministry of Education in Beijing tightly tries within the European Union, do not need any visas govern public schools, while private schools have more to work within the EU, which reduces demand for non- freedom to set work schedules, pay, and requirements. EU teachers. If the worker has travelled to Eu- vate sector. Following the process correctly cent years. A standard contract within the public school does not guarantee getting a visa.

Education ministries, i. Part-time and rural areas. The private sec- credited EU college or university, institute, or other ed- tor is less uniform with salaries going as high as 20, ucational program.

Many English teaching institutions have since rental costs. Scheme NET scheme , which is funded by the HKSAR government and provides the ultimate career destination Public schools usually pay during vacations, but not for for an English teacher. They may employ a teacher for one Once a teacher is on the NET scheme, they can move or two classes, or a complete set of 14 to 16 hours a week. Therefore, a teacher has a lot of op- students or just one family member.

While sis with several contracts for tutoring, individual college many foreigners think coming to HK with a short online classes, and some company work. When selecting NET, schools will tutoring positions. For bigger in teaching pedagogy required between schools and cen- cities, there are large expat communities and many online tres. Before deciding whether to work with the recruitment In Japan, the JET Programme employs assistant language agency or school, ask their SAIC business license num- teachers and teaching assistants to work in Japanese high ber for Chinese schools; local business license for foreign schools and elementary schools.

The largest of a clearly stated address. Remember, legitimate employer these chains are Aeon and ECC. Never accept working on tourist or regulated. Nova, one of the largest chains with over business visa. Other teachers work in universities.

Agen- Hong Kong cies are increasingly used to send English speakers into kindergartens, primary schools, and private companies Hong Kong was once a British Crown colony, and whose employees need to improve their Business English.

English-language education is taken seriously there, as Agencies, known in Japan as haken, or dispatch compa- demonstrated by government-funded research. EPIK reported that it recruited 6, foreign English language has been increasingly important in edu- teachers to work in Korean public schools. There are a cation, international trade and cooperation in Laos since number of associations for English teachers in Korea, the the s.

From , the government had rent-free apartment for a one-year contract. Most job contracts are for 1 year and include wealthy Persian Gulf states are the main locations for in- entrance and exit plane tickets. Citizens of the USA, structors to work in this region. Private academies contributions on leaving the country. The average start- and university programs are the main venues of instruc- ing pay for those with no previous teaching experience tion.

Amideast and the and private language academies known in South Ko- British Council operate in a number of countries pro- rea as hagwons. Private language academies in viding teaching opportunities in their English language there were over thirty thousand such academies teach- courses.

There are numerous, usually small indepen- dent hagwons but also numerous large chains. Mongolia The Peace Corps has volunteers in Mongolia, many Taiwan of whom are English teachers[19] mostly teaching in the vast rural areas, where the population density is low. In Taiwan, most teachers work in cram schools, known In Ulaanbaatar, a modest number of professional NETs locally as bushibans or buxibans.

Some are part of chains, like Hess and Kojen. Others operate indepen- teach at private institutes, universities, and some schools. In addition to foreign instructors from the major English-dently. Also, under current law it is illegal for foreigners to teach English in pre-schools or kinder- gartens, though it is almost always overlooked by both the South Korea schools and the government, thereby making the practice common and accepted.

To teach English and live in Tai- There is great demand for native English speakers willing wan, you must be a holder of an Alien Resident Card to teach in South Korea, though it is dropping.

Thailand Thailand has a great demand for native English speakers, and has a ready-made workforce in the form of travel- ers and expatriates attracted by the local lifestyle despite relatively low salaries.

Teachers can expect to earn a min- imum starting salary of around 25, Baht. There is also a growing demand for Filipino English teachers, as they are often hired for about half the salary Ecuador of a native speaker.

Chile has even made it a na- tional goal to become a bilingual nation within the com- TEFL in Africa has historically been linked to aid pro- ing years. As proof of its commitment to this goal the grams such as the US Peace Corps or the multinational Chilean Ministry of Education sponsors English Opens Voluntary Service Overseas organization, as well as other Doors, a program that recruits English speakers to work aid programs.

There has been increasing government investment in ed- ucation and a growing private sector. Teaching positions are available through provider in India. Additional English instruction takes public and private schools, language schools, universi- place at levels of public and private schools. Language schools typically hire all year round, and teachers of Busi- ness English are also in high demand.

Retrieved Gregory Mavrides Social Security Agreement Peaslake: Delta. The Guardian London. The Guardian. Cactus TEFL. There 2. London: Sage. Many editions. This method is based on the assumption that the language.

State Department in No translation skills. Grammar are taught indirectly[5] i. Dictation-the teacher chooses a grade appropriate passage and reads it aloud 3. Reading aloud - the students take turn reading sec- Direct method is a method of teaching language di- tions of a passage, play or a dialogue aloud rectly establishing a direct or immediate association be- tween experience and expression,between the English 4. Conversion practice- the students are given an op- portunity to ask their own questions to the other stu- dents or to the teacher, because, there is a teacher- 3.

Direct method aims to build a direct relation be- tween experience and language, word and idea, 6. Direct method is also known as natural method, it is 1.